(CZ) Learning with Mobiles in the Digital Age
(EN) Learning with Mobiles in the Digital Age

Personal mobile devices are central to the current digital age, and will soon be pervasive and ubiquitous, and unremarkable in most of the world’s societies and cultures. They are central to the educational futures for the digital age, to both in theory and practice. They are, however, not straightforward. Whilst the relationships of these technologies to formal education and its professions and institutions, conceptualised as ‘mobile learning’, seemed straightforward, it has also become increasingly marginal and irrelevant whilst the relationship between mobile devices and society outside formal education is increasingly problematising the nature, role and purpose of both education and learning. This article explores this tension; it characterises and conceptualises it in terms of competing paradigms.

Personal mobile devices are central to the current digital age, and will soon be pervasive and ubiquitous, and unremarkable in most of the world’s societies and cultures. They are central to the educational futures for the digital age, to both in theory and practice. They are, however, not straightforward. Whilst the relationships of these technologies to formal education and its professions and institutions, conceptualised as ‘mobile learning’, seemed straightforward, it has also become increasingly marginal and irrelevant whilst the relationship between mobile devices and society outside formal education is increasingly problematising the nature, role and purpose of both education and learning. This article explores this tension; it characterises and conceptualises it in terms of competing paradigms.

Ally, M. (Ed.) (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training. AU Press, Athabasca University.

Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., Sharples, M. & Vavoula, G. N. (Eds.) (2007). Beyond mobile learning workshop. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin Press.

Attewell, J., & Savill-Smith, C. (2004). Learning with mobile devices, London: LSDA.
PMid:15707167

Attewell, J., Savill-Smith, C., Douch, R., & Parker, G. (2010). Modernising education and training − mobilising technology for learning. London: Learning and Skills Network.

Becher, T., & Trowler, P. R. (2001). Academic tribes and territories: intellectual enquiry and the cultures of disciplines. (2nd ed.) Buckingham: Open University Press/SRHE.

Beddall-Hill, N., & Raper, J. (2010). Mobile devices as 'boundary objects' on field trips. Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology, 6(1), 28-46.

Botha, A., Vosloo, S., Kuner, J. & van den Berg, M. (2008). Improving cross-cultural awareness and communication through mobile technologies. In J. Traxler, B. Riordan & C. Dennett (Eds.), Proceedings of mLearn2008. Telford, UK.

Brown, T. H. (2003). The role of m-learning in the future of e-learning in Africa. 21st ICDE World Conference, Hong Kong, 110, 122-137.

Brown, T. H. (2005). Beyond constructivism: Exploring future learning paradigms. Education Today, 2, 14-30.

Brown, E. (Ed.) (2010). Education in the wild: contextual and location-based mobile learning in action. In F. Fischer, L. Hofmann & S. Schulz (Eds.), D3.1 A report from the STELLAR Alpine Rendez-Vous workshop series. University of Nottingham: Learning Sciences Research Institute (LSRI).

Brown, T. H., & Mbati, L. S. (2015). Mobile learning: Moving past the myths and embracing the opportunities. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(2). 115-135.
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i2.2071

Burke, D. (2010). Using mobile devices to enhance fieldwork. In P. Law & C. Wankel (Eds.), Streaming media in higher education. London, UK: Streaming Media.

Büscher, M., & Urry, J. (2009). Mobile methods and the empirical. European Journal of Social Theory, 12(1), 99-116.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431008099642

Chan, T., Roschelle, J., Hsi, S., Kinshuk, Sharples, M., Brown, T., ... & Hoppe, U. (2006). One-to-one technology-enhanced learning: An opportunity for global research collaboration. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(1), 3-29.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793206806000032

Collett, M., & Stead, G. (2002). Meeting the challenge: Producing m-learning materials for young adults with numeracy and literacy needs. In S. Anastopoulou, M. Sharples & G. Vavoula (Eds.), Proceedings of MLearn 2002, European Workshop on Mobile and Contextual Learning, University of Birmingham, 14, 63-64.

Comas-Quinn, A., Mardomingo, R., & Valentine, C. (2009). Mobile blogs in language learning: Making the most of informal and situated learning opportunities. ReCALL, 21(1), 96–112.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344009000032

Corlett, D., & Sharples, M. (2004). Tablet technology for informal collaboration in Higher Education. In J. Attewell & C. Savill-Smith (Eds.), Mobile learning anytime everywhere. A book of papers from MLearn 2004 (59-61). Bracciano, Italy.
PMCid:PMC3838938

de Crom, E. P., & de Jager, A. (2005). The "ME"-learning experience: PDA technology and e-learning in ecotourism at the Tshwane University of Technology. In Proceedings of the MLEARN Conference, Cape Town, South Africa.

Dale, C. (2007). Strategies for using podcasting to support student learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(1), 49-57.
https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.61.155

Dearnley, C. J., Haigh, J., & Fairhall, J. (2008). Using mobile technologies for assessment and learning in practice settings: A case study. Nurse Education in Practice, 8(3), 197-204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2007.07.003
PMid:17765015

Donner, J. (2007). The rules of beeping: Exchanging messages via intentional "missed calls" on mobile phones. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00383.x

Draper, S. W., & Brown, M. I. (2004). Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(2), 81-94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00074.x

Eaton, B. C. & Schmitt, N. (1994). Flexible manufacturing and market structure. American Economic Review, 84(4), 875-888.

Engeström, Y. (2001). Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of Education and Work, 14(1), 133-156.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080020028747

Engeström, Y. (2009). Wildfire activities: New patterns of mobility and learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(2), 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009040101

Facer, K., Joiner, R., Stanton, D., Reidt, J., Hull, R., & Kirk, D. (2004). Savannah: Mobile gaming and learning? Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(6), 399-409.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00105.x

Fröhberg, D., Göth, C., & Schwabe, G. (2009). Mobile learning projects – a critical analysis of the state of the art. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(4), 307-331.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2009.00315.x

Fortunati, L. (2002). The mobile phone: Towards new categories and social relations. Information, Communication & Society, 5(4), 513-528.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180208538803

Gayeski, D. (2002). Learning unplugged. Using mobile technologies for organisational and performance improvement. New York, NY: American Management Association.

Georgiev, T., Georgieva, E., & Smrikarov, A. (2004). M-learning − a new stage of M-learning. In International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies − CompSysTech' 2004, 4(28), 1-4.

Giles, J. (2009). Physios recommend a healthy dose of gaming. London, UK: New Scientist. Retrieved from www.newscientist.com

Goggin, G. (2012). Cell phone culture. Abingdon: Routledge.

Heeks, R. (2008) ICT4D 2.0: The next phase of applying ICT for international development. Computer, 41(6), 26-33. Available at www.nixdell.com
https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2008.192

Hlodan, O. (2010). Mobile learning anytime, anywhere. BioScience, 60(9), 682-682.
https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.4

Holmes, B., & Gardner, J. (2006). E-learning: concepts and practice. London: SAGE.

Jarvis, C. H., & Priestnall, G. (2008). Visualisation futures: A teaching and learning perspective. In Horizon Scanning for GIS and Visualisation, Salford, April 1st, 2008.

JISC (2005). Innovative practice with e-learning: A good practice guide to embedding mobile and wireless technologies into everyday practice. Bristol, UK: Joint Information Services Committee.

Kato, P. M., Cole, S. W., Bradlyn, A. S., & Pollock, B. H. (2008). A video game improves behavioural outcomes in adolescents and young adults with cancer: a randomised trial. Paediatrics, 122(2), 305-317.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3134
PMid:18676516

Kenny, R. F., Park, C. L., Van Neste-Kenny, J. M. C., Burton, P. A., & Meiers, P. A. (2009). Using mobile learning to enhance the quality of nursing practice education. In M. Ally (Ed.), Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training (75-98). Athabasca, AB: Athabasca University Press.

Kneebone, R., & Brenton, H. (2005). Training perioperative specialist practitioners. In A. Kukulska-Hulme & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. London: Routledge.

Koole, M., & Ally, M. (2006). Framework for the rational analysis of mobile education (FRAME) model: Revising the ABCs of educational practices. In Networking International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies (p. 216).
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNICONSMCL.2006.103

Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, ILL: University of Chicago Press.

Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2009). Will mobile learning change language learning? ReCALL, 21(2), 157-165.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344009000202

Kukulska-Hulme, A., Sharples, M., Milrad, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., & Vavoula, G. (2011). The genesis and development of mobile learning in Europe. In D. Parsons (Ed.), Combining E-Learning and M-Learning: New Applications of Blended Educational Resources (151-177). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-481-3.ch010

Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Traxler, J. (Eds.) (2005). Mobile learning: a handbook for educators and trainers. Open and flexible learning series. London: Routledge.

Laurillard, D. (2007). Pedagogic forms of mobile learning: framing research questions. In N. Pachler. Mobile Learning − towards a research agenda (153-177). London: University of London. Available at http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk

Levy, M., & Kennedy, C. (2005). Learning Italian via mobile SMS. In A. Kukulska-Hulme & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers (76-83). Routledge: London.

Lindstrom, L. (1993). Cargo cult: Strange stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

Lonsdale, P., Barber, C., Sharples, M., Byrne, W., Arvanitis, T., Brundell, P., et al. (2004). Context awareness for mobilearn: Creating an engaging learning experience in an art museum. In Proceedings of the World Conference on Mobile Learning, Rome, Italy.
PMCid:PMC540060

McIntosh, S. (2013). Hollowing out and the future of the labour market. BIS Research Paper, 134.

Metcalf, D. S. (2006). mLearning: Mobile learning and performance in the palm of your hand. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.

Motlik, S. (2008). Mobile learning in developing nations. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(2). Available at https://files.eric.ed.gov
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v9i2.564

Naismith, L., & Corlett, D. (2006). Reflections on success: A retrospective of the mLearn conference series 2002-2005. In mLearn 2006: Across generations and cultures, Banff, Canada.

Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G., & Sharples, M. (2005). Report 11: Literature Review in Mobile Technologies and Learning. Bristol: NESTA Futurelab. Available at www2.futurelab.org.uk

Nikoi, S. (2007). Literature Review on Work-Based Mobile Learning, Work-based Learners in Further education (WoLF) project. Available at http://wolf.lec.ac.uk

Peters, O., & Keegan, D. (1994). Otto Peters on distance education: the industrialization of teaching and learning. London : Routledge.

Pfeiffer, V. D. I., Gemballa, S., Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2009). Situated learning in the mobile age: Mobile devices on a field trip to the sea. International Journal of Research in Learning Technology, 17(3), 187-199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09687760903247666

Pulman, A. (2008). Mobile assistance – the Nintendo DS Lite as an assistive tool for health and social care students. Available at http://www.swap.ac.uk

Quinn, C. (2012). mLearning: mobile, wireless, in your pocket learning. LineZine, Fall.

Rainger, P. (2005). Accessibility and mobile learning. In A. Kukulska-Hulme & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. London: Routledge.

Riordan, B., & Traxler, J. (2005). The use of targeted bulk SMS texting to enhance student support, inclusion and retention. In WMTE, IEEE, Japan, November.
https://doi.org/10.1109/WMTE.2005.65

Rogers, E. M. (2010). Diffusion of innovations. (4th ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.

Sharples, M. (Ed.). (2006). Big issues in mobile learning. University of Nottingham, UK: Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence.

Sharples, M., Taylor, J., & Vavoula, G. (2007). A theory of learning for the mobile age. In R. Andrews & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The Sage handbook of elearning research (221-247). London: Sage.

Shih, Y. E. (2007). Setting the new standard with mobile computing in online learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2).
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v8i2.361

Smith, C. (2008). Simulation as an aid to archaeological drawing. In Teaching and Learning in Archaeology 2008 Conference, University of Liverpool, June 25th-26th, 2008.

Smördal, O., & Gregory, J. (2003). Personal Digital Assistants in medical education and practice. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 320-329.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.jca_033.x

Teichler, U. (1998). Massification: A challenge for institutions of higher education. Tertiary Education and Management, 4(1), 17-27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.1998.9966942

Thornton, P., & Houser, C. (2005). Using mobile phones in English education in Japan. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21, 217–228.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2005.00129.x

Townsend, A. M. (2000). Life in the real-time city: Mobile telephones and urban metabolism. Journal of Urban Technology, 7(2), 85-104.
https://doi.org/10.1080/713684114

Traxler, J. (2005). Defining mobile learning. In IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning (261-266).

Traxler, J. (2008a). Learning in a mobile age. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101

Traxler, J. (2008b). Mobile learning in a mobile world. The practicalities of the social, ethical and legal environment. In T. Hansson (Ed.). Handbook of research on digital information technologies: Innovations, methods, and ethical issues. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-970-0.ch033

Traxler, J. (2010a). e-Learning − the next wave. In A. Jeffries (Ed.), Proceedings of ALT-C, Association for Learning Technology, Oxford. Available at http://repository.alt.ac.uk

Traxler, J. (2010b). Students and mobile devices. Research in Learning Technology, 18(2), 149-160.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847

Traxler, J. (2010c). The 'learner experience' of mobiles, mobility and connectedness. An interpretative literature review for HEA ELESIG. Available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Traxler, J. (2015). Digital life, mobile learning and the arab spring of education. GLOKALde, 1(3), 12-20.

Traxler, J. (2016) Inclusion in an age of mobility. Research in Learning Technology, 24.
https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v24.31372

Traxler, J., & Griffiths, L. (2009). IWB4D – interactive whiteboards for development. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (488). Doha, Qatar.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTD.2009.5426739

Traxler, J., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (Eds.) (2015). Mobile learning: The next generation. New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076095

Traxler, J., & Leach, J. (2006). Innovative and sustainable mobile learning in Africa. In Wireless, mobile and ubiquitous technology in education (98-102). WMUTE'06. Fourth IEEE International Workshop.
https://doi.org/10.1109/WMTE.2006.261354

Unterfrauner, E., Marschalek, I., & Fabian, C. M. (2010). Mobile learning with marginalized young people. In I. Arnedillo Sánchez & P. Isaias (Eds.), Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning (28-35).

Vavoula, G. N., Lefrere, P., O'Malley, C., Sharples, M., & Taylor, J. (2004). Producing guidelines for learning, teaching and tutoring in a mobile environment. In J. Roschelle, T. Chan, Kinshuk & S. J. H. Yand (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (173-176). Los Alamitos, CA: Computer Society Press.
https://doi.org/10.1109/WMTE.2004.1281378

Wagner, E. D. (2005). Enabling mobile learning. EDUCAUSE Review, 40(3), 41-42.

Walsh, C. S., Shrestha, P., & Hedges, C. (2011). Leveraging low-cost mobile technologies in Bangladesh: A case study of innovative practices for teacher professional development and communicative English language teaching. In R. Kwan et al. (Eds.), Enhancing learning through technology. Education unplugged: Mobile technologies and web 2.0 (151-166). Berlin: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22383-9_13

White, A., Allen, P., Goodwin, L., Breckinridge, D., Dowell, J., & Garvy, R. (2005). Infusing PDA technology into nursing education. Nurse Educator, 30(4), 150-154.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006223-200507000-00006
PMid:16030450

White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9).
https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i9.3171

Winters, N. (2006). What is mobile learning? In M. Sharples (Ed.), Big issues in mobile learning (6-9). Nottingham: Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence.

Worsley, P. (1957). The trumpet shall sound: a study of "cargo" cults in Melanesia. London: MacGibbon & Kee.

Yau, J. Y-K., & Joy, M. (2009). Context-aware and adaptive learning schedule for mobile learning. In Proceedings of the mobile and ubiquitous learning workshop (512-519). 17th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2009). Available at http:/