(CZ) K možnostem rozvoje všech žáků ve vyučování a učení
(EN) On the Possibilities of All Pupils' Development in Classroom Instruction

The category of development is one of the central ones in pedagogy and pedagogical psychology. It attracts the attention of theoreticians, and has great impact on the practice of the Socialist school. The principal levels of development — the process of maturing, psychical evolution and development — are analysed in the first chapter. Development is defined as the provision of individual development by supra-individual socio-historical experience. The basis for development is provided by individualizing subjectivization of socio-historical experience, and in unity with it, also by socializing objectivization of individual experience.
The development of a personality does not always proceed harmoniously; the previous course of a child’s life results in the emergence of psychical factors facilitating good utilization of the development- promoting work of the school — what is called development activating dispostitions, or in the emergence of psychical factors making it more difficult for a child to make use of the development- promoting work of the school — what is called development inhibiting dispositions. The study deals concretely with short-term versus long-term orientations of pupils, orientations on the mistake versus development of activities, self-impairing versus activating self-conception and what is called limited versus developed language codes. U nder particularly unfavourable conditions, the development inhibiting dispositions may turn into what is called the syndrome of an unsuccessful pupil, representing a higher degree of danger to the child’s development and personality stability at school. In conclusion, characteristics are given of corrective processes conducive to the transformation of development inhibiting dispositions into development activating dispositions. Emphasis is laid upon the significance of such processes in deepening the democratic character of the Socialist school.