(CZ) Povaha samostatné práce žáků v národní škole
(EN) The Character of Independent Work of Pupils at the National School

The author shows that pupils’ classroom work is closely connected with the work of the teacher and depends on the content, the organization and the methods of teaching. The teacher’s task is to conduct the lesson in such a way as to make the pupil willing and able to learn. An important source of children’s interest in the lesson is activity. Independent work means an activity by means of which the pupil without any direct help from the teacher and to a certain extent independently, endeavours to acquire the knowledge, skills and habits, presented by the teacher.
In case of independent classroom work we are not concerned only with its results as e. g. in case of homework, but we are concerned mainly with the manner and the quality of the whole working process, its organization, working devices (logical, reading, graphical) and and the way of using them. Therefore we consider independent classroom work as a significant educational and,instructional device, which is an essential constituent part of instruction at the National (i. e. Primary) School.
The author further deals with the shortcomings of pupils' independent work and points out above all that the National School does not lead pupils to acquiring skills and habits of general work and the technique of learning, which are essential for the independent work of the pupil.